Hi - back in the land of the awake!
mass is the amount of "stuff" a body has. The greater the mass the greater the gravitational force it creates. units = kilograms
weight is the the
force you feel when you are near a mass large enough to have a decent gravitational pull: units = newtons
If you hold a spring balance with a weight hanging off it you can measure its "weight" in everyday language, but actually its mass
(confusion arises because we use mass and weight interchangably in everyday language and only scientists tend to use weight as a force)
If you stand on a diving board with the spring balance you can read its mass (because its weight stretches the spring) Most balances and scales use the force of gravity to deform something - spring/torsion gauge/strain gauge- and convert it to equivalent mass.
Step off the board and reading on the balance quickly drops to zero because you are in free fall - both you and the weight are falling at the same speed, so the spring can't be stretched by gravity acting on the weight. You are effectively weightless. It is beautifully demonstrated by astronauts floating around in the space shuttle in orbit - they and the shuttle are falling towards the Earth at the same rate - their forward speed lets them continue to fall round the Earth and not hit it.
For many years I used a video of the diving board demo very successfully to help develop an understanding of the difference between mass and weight with science students
So if my gravity measurer reads zero as I am moving down towards to a planet, it isn't measuring gravitational force directly. Its behaviour is consistent with it measuring my weight which is a force. If I land on a big planet my weight is larger than if I land on a small planet. If I have stopped moving down, my weight is a measure of the force of gravity produced by that planet, hence my gravity measurer would reflect this.
Mass also has the property of resisting change in motion (intertial mass), Hence acceleration feels the same as a gravitaional field. Einstein said that if you are in a closed lift you can't distinguish between gravity and acceleration (if it was in a zero g space stationwhenthe lift moved "up" you would be pressed to the floor and it would feel like gravity).
So if I set off upwards, my mass is being pulled back by gravity or if you prefer my mass is resisting me being accelerated - the faster I want to accelerate (not just move) , the larger my weight will be - hence fighter pilots pulling high g turns and astronauts being pressed back into their couches during take off - technically, my gravity meter should register high g turn and manouvres in combat!
Aesir - The variable nature of the makeup of the Earth (different rocks, submarines, big iron/nickel meteorite fragments etc) subtley affect the Earth's magnetic field near them. A magnetometer can detect these small distortions and hence can be used to map geological structures below ground level or submarines - It does measure the magnetic field and will give a reading regardless of which direction you are flying in. It doesn't measure gravity. Sorry that the scientific reasoning behind my feeble attempt at humour wasn't solidly wired on!
There are devices that do the same thing for variations in the gravitation field - useful for analysing planets that don't have a magnetic field!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geodesy
[Edited on 10-10-2010 by DaveK]
[Edited on 10-10-2010 by DaveK]
[Edited on 10-10-2010 by DaveK]